Academic freedom as a source of rights’ violations: a European perspective

Abstract The application of academic freedom may lead to a violation individual rights, such as the right respect private life or institutional rights university autonomy, religious community self-determination. These collisions between are resolved by constitutional courts either according proportionality test balancing rights. This paper investigates cases from Czechia, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Spain, where collided with other in order determine methods for resolving these types conflicts. analysis demonstrates way which allows construction content freedom. It also shows reasons why could become weak sometimes it is strong right.